Following the sinking of the USS Maine, the United States declared war on Spain on April 23, 1898 and President McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers. On June 20, 1898, the army invaded Cuba and on July 1, 1898 won the battle at San Juan Hill, while on July 3, 1898 the navy destroyed the Spanish fleet. The war formally ended on August 12, 1898. In the United States, the army established several training camps, principally outside of Chattanooga[1], Tampa and San Francisco. Most of the volunteers were state guard and militia units called up for service. These units were mustered into Federal service from camps in their native states.
On April 30, 1898, Daniel R. Collier, Adjutant General of Kentucky, indicated “that the companies composing the Kentucky volunteers will be concentrated in Lexington as rapidly as possible, beginning with the 2nd Regiment, the first companies of which will probably be ordered to move Monday or Tuesday <May 2nd or 3rd>.”[i] The state guard consisted of three regiments of infantry and two troops of cavalry.
At Lexington, the state units were to be mustered out of state service, and then mustered into Federal service. Lexington was chosen “as the point best suited for troop concentration.” Captain Ballance, of the U. S. Army, was placed in charge of processing the new recruits. Originally, the guard planned to use the Kentucky Association racetrack as the assembly point, but the owners refused.
In Lexington, a Citizen’s Committee was established to set up the mustering camp. This committee included Richard P. Stoll, Harry McAdams, K. G. Pulliam, William J. Loughridge, Leonard G. Cox, E. W. Shanklin, D. Frank Frazee, William R. Milward, Stanley Milward, Charles Scott and H. W. Wilson. The committee arranged in April 1898, with the Chautauqua Assembly to use Woodland Park and with the Tattersalls Sales Company to use it sales pavilion (near the Kentucky Trotting Horse Association racetrack).[ii]
On May 1st, Lieutenant H. S. Whipple was appointed mustering office for Kentucky and Lieutenant S. P. Vestal, of the 7th Cavalry, was appointed commissary and quartermaster officer. Vestal oversaw the equipping, transportation and feeding of the Kentucky volunteers. Colonel E. H. Gather, of the 2nd Kentucky, advertised for musicians for the regimental band. He indicated that “the leader will be paid $60 per month, two cornetists $34 per month each and 15 others $6 per month.[iii]
On May 3rd, Company E of the 2nd Kentucky arrived at Camp Collier. The company was placed in the stables, next to the main building. The company’s kitchen was setup near the entrance of the sales court. Two stoves were supplied by the Lexington Stove Works. The Lexington Leader donated a wagonload of kitchen utensils, including a ham boiler, iron pots, steel skillets, griddles, teakettles, iron fryers, steamers and stew pots. The first supper was “short” rations, consisting of bread, fried bacon, potatoes and coffee.[iv]
On May 13, 1898, the Louisville Legion of the 1st Kentucky arrived at the Cincinnati Southern Railroad Depot, on Broadway. The Legion left Louisville on two trains, of 10 cars each, at 1:30 and 1:45 pm, arriving at between 4:00 and 5:00 pm. Another company, from Somerset arrived earlier at the depot and waited for the arrival of the others. The Legion, under Colonel John B. Castleman, marched down Broadway to Main Street, then east to Camp Bradley.[v]
On May 14, 1898, portions of the 2nd Kentucky, at Camp Collier, were formally mustered into service with the army. Company C of Winchester was the first company to enter Federal service. The company consisted of 16 officers and 273 enlisted men. The process required each recruit be examined by the regimental surgeons, before being sworn into Federal service. Each soldier received one month of pay in advance. In addition, a troop of cavalry from Salyersville arrived the same day, over the Lexington & Eastern Railroad.[vi]
On May 14th, the Louisville & Nashville Railroad ran a special excursion from Paris to Lexington, to visit Company I (the Bourbon Guards) at Camp Collier. The roundtrip fare was $0.75. At the camp, a special picnic was setup by the company.[vii]
On Sunday, May 15th, both camps were opened to the public to all respectable visitors. That afternoon the 1st Kentucky conducted a drill at Ashland, Henry Clay’s house. Colonel Castleman marched his regiment (approximately 1,200 men) from Camp Bradley, to a large field on the city side of Ashland. While the regimental band played, the regiment formed into a dress parade, by companies, covering a quarter mile. After about an hour of maneuvers, the regiment returned to camp.[viii]
On May 15, 1898, at Camp Collier, 15 soldiers from the 2nd and 3rd Kentucky were hospitalized with “fever.” [ix]
On Sunday, May 22, 1898, the railroads ran a number of special trains to Lexington for relatives to visit their sons, before they were shipped out. The railroads brought in an estimated 5,000, including 1,750 from Louisville, 400 from Ashland and 700 from Jackson.[x]
Dress Parade of the 1st Kentucky at Ashland <KHS>
On May 25, 1898, the 2nd Kentucky was shipped to Camp Thomas, the old Civil War battlefield at Chickamauga, Georgia. Camp Thomas was the main army assembly point for training troops for service in Cuba. The 3rd Kentucky followed on June 1, 1898. Both regiments left from the Cincinnati Southern depot on Broadway.
On June 10, 1898, at 7:00 am the 1st Kentucky struck tents and shipped its baggage to the Cincinnati Southern’s depot in wagons. At 3:00 pm, the regiment marched by battalions to the depot. The city supplied ice water to the marching troops. Four 100-gallon wooden barrels were filled with ice water and placed along Main Street and at the Southern Depot.[xi]
The First Battalion (Companies A, B, C and D) left at 4:00 pm with 1 horse car, 1 baggage car, 13 tourist sleepers and 1 standard Pullman. The Second Battalion (Companies E, F, G and M) left at 4:15 pm with 2 baggage cars, 13 tourist sleepers and 1 standard Pullman. The Third Battalion (Companies H, I, K and L) left at 4:30 pm, with 1 baggage car, 12 tourist sleepers and 1 standard Pullman. The first train also took 18 horses for the officers. It was reported “nearly every officer has a colored groom to go along and attend to his horse.” This regiment numbered 1,350 men.[xii]
The Lexington Leader reported “although there were no formal ceremonies attending the departure of the regiment, still there was an immense crowd at the depot to see them off and bid them God-speed. Many people were here from Louisville. Although the war is little more than a month old, yet these parting scenes have already become perfectly familiar with nearly everyone, and those who have witnessed them can far better appreciate and understand them than by reading any pen pictures of them.” [xiii]
The three regiments filled the Kentucky quota under President McKinley’s call for 125,000 volunteers.
On June 21, 1898, the War Department issued a second call for an additional 75,000 volunteers. Governor Bradley authorized another regiment of infantry, the 4th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The regiment was under the command of Colonel David G. Colson, a former Congressman, who established his headquarters in the Phoenix Hotel on May 29, 1898.
On August 15, 1898, Brigadier General Joseph P. Sanger, commander of the Third Division, First Army Corp, inspected several sites around Lexington for a new camp for his division. The division was at Camp Thomas, in Georgia, which had become unsanitary due to the contamination of the water supply. The division totaled 14,000 soldiers.
That morning, General Sanger was met in the lobby of the Phoenix Hotel by several members of the Citizen’s Committee. The committee included Major Henry C. McDowell, William J. Loughridge, Colonel W. J. Murphy, Senator Charles J. Bronston and J. Rogers Barr. McDowell and Barr were President and General Manager, respectively, of the Lexington & Eastern Railroad, while Murphy was the Superintendent of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad.[xiv]
The party left Lexington onboard Major McDowell’s private railroad car to visit the Van Meter and Clark farms, on Bryan Station Pike. The two farms were located about 5 miles outside of Lexington. The first stop was at the Van Meter farm, followed by the Clark farm. The Clark farm had about 450 acres, with a creek running through the farm to supply fresh water. Both farms were accessible to the Lexington & Eastern and Louisville & Nashville Railroads.[xv]
During the afternoon, the general’s party inspected the Rogers and Hulett farms, five miles from Lexington on Nicholasville Road (at Brannon’s Crossroad). These farms were adjacent to the Cincinnati Southern Railroad’s mainline. Both farms had a number of springs, but no running water.[xvi]
The next morning, the General examined the Simon Weil farm, on Versailles Pike. The farm was served by the Louisville Southern Railroad. The farm had about 250 acres. The Weils farm also had a number of springs and running water.[xvii]
General Sanger selected the Clark (later Camp Hamilton) and Weils (later Camp Miles) farm sites for his division’s encampment. He indicated that the division’s troops would be transferred from Camp Thomas to the Clark farm and from Newport News to the Weil farm. Major Hugh Gordon was assigned the responsibility to layout out both campgrounds.[xviii]
At both locations, the railroads began installing sidings to unload troops and supplies. The Citizen’s Committee also ordered piping to connect the Clark farm to the city water supply.[xix]
Diagram of Camp Hamilton
At Camp Hamilton, General Sanger’s Headquarter was located on “the P. P. Johnston place to the left of the turnpike going out and just beyond the iron suspension bridge.”[xx] The officer’s tents were located on a promontory, with a commanding view of the campgrounds. The division hospital was located across the Bryan Station Pike on a ridge, overlooking Montrose Station. The division commissary was located along the railroad tracks, adjacent to Briar Hill Road.[xxi]
The individual regiments were encamped across the Briar Hill Road, from the hospital. The 1st Brigade was located facing the commissary and hospital, running along Briar Hill Road to the railroad tracks. The 2nd Brigade was located behind (towards town) of the 1st Brigade, with the parade grounds in-between. The 3rd Brigade was located across the railroad tracks, facing toward Winchester Pike. Each brigade’s camps contained roughly 125 acres.[xxii]
Each regiment was housed in large tents, erected in straight rows. After the tents were erected, wooden floors were installed.
The army built two commissary buildings, near the railroad side on Briar Hill. The buildings included one 50 by 100 feet and one 30 by 50 feet.[xxiii]
The Post Office set aside a room at the Main Post Office on Main Street, designated as Military Station No. 1 - Lexington, to handle the mail service for Camp Hamilton. Twice daily, regimental mail clerks arrived at the post office, to drop off and pick up mail for each regiment. Mail was placed in locked bags, the volume averaged from 20,000 to 25,000 letters per day.[xxiv]
The division was also serviced by both the Western Union Telegraph Company and Postal Telegraph & Cable Company. The Western Union equipment was installed at General Sanger’s headquarters and the Postal Telegraph near the commissary. In addition, the camp was connected with the East Tennessee Telephone Company’s Lexington office. Four or five pay telephones were installed for the soldier’s use.[xxv]
The Lexington & Eastern Railroad built a spur line into the camp. The spur was ¾ mile in length. The railroad also built an unloading depot for troops, at the gates near the commissary. The railroad also began operating passenger trains to the camp every hour, on the half hour, from 8:30 am to 8:30 pm. Return trains operated every hour, on the hour, from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm. On September 2, 1898, the railroad began operating trains every half hour. [xxvi]
The railroad built a joint station, near Loudon Park (Camp Corbin), with the Passenger & Belt Railway Company (the streetcar operator). The platform was over eight hundred feet in length and designed to handle both the railroad and streetcar traffic. The station had the capacity of 3,200. At Loudon Park Station, passengers could transfer to the city streetcars. Both the North Limestone and Chestnut Street routes served the depot. The fare was 10 cents, for both the streetcar and railroad. [xxvii]
In addition, the Louisville Southern served Camp Miles roughly every three hours. The fare was 10 cents one way, 15 cents roundtrip.[xxviii]
Camp Hamilton was supplied with water from Bryan Station Spring, pumped 2,000 feet into two storage tanks. The tanks were located on opposite ends of the camp. On September 2, 1898, the camp was also connected to the city’s reservoirs by a 4-inch pipeline. The pipeline was laid along the Lexington & Eastern right-of-way, from Walton Avenue. A trench was excavated, by attaching a large plow to a locomotive. The locomotive dug several miles of the trench in a few hours.[xxix]
The division’s horses and mules were stabled in a corral at the camp. On September 7, 1898, the horses stampeded and were scattered throughout the area. Horses were later found as far away as Winchester and Mt. Sterling.[xxx]
Superintendent Murphy of the Cincinnati Southern scheduled the movement of the division to Lexington. Murphy anticipated that it would take 600 cars, in 30 trains of 20 cars each, to transport the soldiers, animals and equipment.[xxxi]
On August 16, 1898, the 3rd Kentucky boarded special trains on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, at Newport News, for the two-day trip to Lexington. Then the 160th Indiana and 5th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiments followed from Newport News one day apart. These regiments were first stationed at Camp Miles.[xxxii]
Provost Marshal:
On August 23, 1898, Captain Noel Gaines, of the 3rd Kentucky, was assigned as Provost Marshal of Lexington. Gaines was responsible for working with the local police, to maintain order among the soldiers stationed around the city. A military guardhouse was established in the old armory, over the market house, near downtown. Gaines’ orders included:
“All men of this command found in the city without written pass properly signed by the regimental commanders will be arrested and returned to camp under guard.”
“All enlisted men and non-commissioned officers found in the city . . . with revolvers, bowie knives or dirks on their persons, will be arrested and disarmed by the provost guard and send to camp under guard.” [xxxiii]
One of the first incidents, a soldier of the 160th Indiana fired a shot at John W. Jewell. The story followed that Jewell was working at the James E. Pepper Distillery, on Frankfort Pike, when a soldier ask him for a drink. Jewell directed him to a hogshead at the far end of the warehouse. The barrel contained ice water set up for the troops. The soldier then fired a shot at Jewell and said “I’ll give that ---- ----- ---- a crack for steering me up against a barrel of ice water. He knew what I wanted.” The soldier was later arrested by the provost guard and court marshaled.[xxxiv]
On August 23, troops from Camp Thomas began arriving at Camp Hamilton. From Georgia, the troops were shipped by the Cincinnati Southern to Winchester, and then transferred along the Lexington & Eastern to the camp. The first units to arrive were the 12th Minnesota and 5th Pennsylvania regiments. During the afternoon, three equipment trains arrived at 11:05 am, 1:05 pm and 3:15 pm. These trains were systematically unloaded and moved out of the way to Lexington. During the afternoon, the commissary and hospital units also arrived, with 18 flat cars, 2 passenger cars, 1 subsistence and 9 stock cars. The train carried 6 officers, 90 men, 25 ambulances, 20 supply wagons and 175 horses and mules. That night a series of trains, strung out over the night, followed with the troops.[xxxv]
On August 24, the 8th Massachusetts arrived over the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. The trains were shuttled along the Belt Line Railroad to the Lexington & Eastern Railroad line, then out to the camp. The next day, the 12th New York and the 21st Kansas arrived.[xxxvi]
On August 26, 1898, the 2nd Missouri and 1st New Hampshire arrived, followed by the 9th Pennsylvania the next day. On August 28, the 1st and 5th Missouri Regiments also arrived.[xxxvii]
In September, the army began transferring units to their home states for mustering out. On September 5th, the 1st New Hampshire and 5th Illinois regiments were shipped home. The next day, the 5th Missouri and the following day, the 1st Missouri regiments were shipped to Jefferson City.[xxxviii] The 12th Minnesota was shipped out on September 15, followed the next two days by the 5th and 9th Pennsylvania regiments.[xxxix]
On September 17, 1898, the 3rd Kentucky and 160th Indiana regiments were transferred to Camp Hamilton from Camp Miles. The same day, the 9th US Colored Cavalry arrived at Camp Miles, from Versailles. The black soldiers were called immunes in the belief that they were immune to tropical diseases.[xl]
General Review:
On September 19, 1898, the Third Division held a review for Major General Joseph C. Breckinridge, the commanding officer of First Army Corp. The review was held across Bryan Station Pike, from Camp Hamilton, in a large field. At 10:00 am, the regiments were formed in lines, with the 1st Brigade on the right, the 2nd Brigade in the center and the 3rd Brigade on the left. Brigade commanders and staff were in front of their brigades. Each brigade was denoted by a triangle flag of red, white and blue, with the corps insignia in the center.[xli]
Generals Breckinridge and Sanger, with their staffs, then reviewed each regiment beginning with the 1st Brigade. Following the regimental reviews, each regiment marched past General Breckinridge back to the camp. Nearly 7,000 people from Lexington watched the review.[xlii] Breckinridge’s headquarters was located on Van Meter farm, southwest of the 12th New York regiment.[xliii]
The next day, the division was reviewed by Governor Bradley of Kentucky.
On October 6, 1898, three soldiers of the 3rd Kentucky were arrested for selling whiskey at Camp Hamilton. The whiskey was hidden in the blacksmith’s shop, near the regiment’s corral.[xliv]
On October 9, 1898, a private of the 12th New York was killed by a private of the 3rd Kentucky, who was on provost marshal duty. The provost marshal was checking passes on McGowan, near DeWees and Corral Streets[2]. The New York private ran and refused to stop after a warning shot. The death was ruled in the line of duty.
However, soldiers of the 12th New York began to plot the next day to get even. Around 6:00 pm on October 10th, approximately 350 armed soldiers from the 12th New York congregated at the camp’s railroad depot. When General Wiley found out about the plot, he sounded “to arms” at 7:00 pm for the 3rd Kentucky and 160th Indiana. The armed men at the depot were disarmed and returned to camp. At 9:00 pm, Wiley marched into Lexington and ordered the arrest of “every soldier regardless of his rank or pass.” The soldiers cleared every saloon, bar, restaurant and hotel. After midnight, 400 prisoners were marched to Camp Hamilton and remained under guard until the next morning. They were then released.[xlv]
General Sanger restricted passes to two per company and established a curfew at dark. On October 15, 1898, a soldier of the 10th US Colored Cavalry was also shot by the provost guard. Conditions continued to deteriorate due to boredom, whiskey and women. By the end of the month, 3rd Kentucky, 160th Indiana and 12th New York regiments were in open mutiny, refusing to participate in drills.[xlvi]
On October 12, the army issued overcoats due to unseasonably cold weather. The regiments also began building “shack” tents. A wooden shack was built around a wooden stove, with three tents connected to three sides of the shack.[xlvii]
On October 16, 1898, a number of soldiers watched the silent movie “The Battle of Manila” at Woodland Park. A large fireworks display followed the show. Governor Bradley was the guest of honor. The Lexington & Eastern Railroad ran a “night owl” train back to Camp Hamilton.[xlviii]
On October 20, 1898, the division held a dress drill for Secretary of War, Russell A. Alger."[xlix] On October 21, 1898, General Sanger held a farewell reception for General Breckinridge, who was ordered to Washington. Brigadier General James M. Wilson was placed in charge of the First Corp.
On October 30, 1898, two addition soldiers were shot by the provost guard for refusing to stop.[l]
On Halloween, October 31, 1898, the soldiers celebrated with pranks and jokes. Three carloads of Pabst and Schlitz beer[3] had been sent to the 12th New York canteen. The beer was stored overnight on the rail siding, near the 3rd Kentucky and 160th Indiana campsite. Halloween night, the two regiments liberated 250 cases and a carload of kegs. Both regiments spent the night hiding beer by digging holes under the floors in their tents, while kegs were sunk in the creek.[li]
On November 3rd, the 160th Indiana and 3rd Kentucky prepared burgoo stew for its officers. The 1st and 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Engineers marched from Camp Wilson, on the Kentucky River, near Tyrone, to Camp Hamilton. The battalions made the 28-mile march in nine hours.
In early November, the army began transferring the remaining units to southern camps, for warmer weather. The transfers were however delayed by the scarcity of railcars. On November 9th, the 160th Indiana was shipped to Georgia.[lii] On November 12, 1898, the Signal Corp Detachment and 1st Territorial Volunteer Infantry[4] Regiment were shipped south. The next day, the last three regiments departed for Macon, Georgia. These units were 12th New York and 3rd Mississippi from Camp Hamilton and the 10th US Colored regiment from Camp Miles. During the night of November 12th, an oil stove at the hospital started a fire in the 4th ward. The fire was quickly contained.[liii]
Camp Hamilton was deserted on November 14, 1898. Gibbs Hospital remained open for another 10 days, to handle 70 patents that remained. The Commissary and Quartermaster Departments established an office in Lexington, to settle accounts.[liv]
During the fall of 1898, the city council approved an appropriation to cover the costs of the Citizen’s Committee. In January 1899, Major Henry C. McDowell submitted a bill for $8,236.15.[lv]
The division hospital at Camp Hamilton was the second largest temporary facility in the United States. A significant number of soldiers arrived with typhoid fever, malaria, measles and mumps. The hospital was filled on September 5, 1898, with 627 patients (75 with typhoid fever). The hospital was then expanded by another 500 beds. The Sisters of Charity staffed the hospital with nurses.[lvi]
The official records of the Medical Corp reported on Camp Hamilton:
CAMP HAMILTON, LEXINGTON, KY.
This camp was instituted August 23, and was visited October 31 and November 1, and the camp and troops inspected and the testimony of many officers and men taken. It was the headquarters of the First Army Corps, Maj. Gen. J. H. Wilson commanding, the First Division of which was stationed there. As to situation, spaciousness, hospitals, water supply, sanitation, etc., it compared favorably with the other three camps heretofore described. The number of deaths to September 30 was 29.
These troops were transferred from Camp Thomas.
Two reports survived from the sisters at the hospital. They included:
“Sister Liguori, superior of St. Joseph's Hospital in Kansas City, was chosen to lead the first small band which consisted of experienced nurses. Under her charge, the group left Carondelet on September 14, 1898, and after taking the oath of allegiance to the United States at Camp Hamilton, they found themselves in a city of tents that held nine thousand men. Their own quarters were close to those of the Sisters of Charity from Emmitsburg and the Sisters of the Holy Cross. Night and day the nuns relieved each other in the wards, "their labors sweetened by the kind and helpful intercourse of the communities, one with the other, and rewarded by the restoration of health of by far the greater number of their patients." Many of these were mere youths who had been overcome by fever and nostalgia. Yet all the soldiers were grateful for any service that made their surroundings more homelike. All in all, five hundred men sick with typhoid fever claimed the time and attention of the one hundred nurses.”
“As the Sisters of St. Joseph tended the sick, they also had to deal with the constant rain and its problems. The mud, is something terrible," Sister Liguori wrote. "At night it is so dark, but we have lanterns to light our path. Sr. Irmina went up to her knees in a mud hole last night." She also commented on the constant cold and the need for winter shawls and flannels. Finally, she brought up a delicate question in her letter to the motherhouse. "Do you think it would be advisable if I could get a little whiskey. The night nurses are so chilled when they come home in the morning that a little hot toddy would warm them up before they go to bed." A week later, it appears that the nun got her answer from the Reverend Mother, as she wrote back: "Dear Mother, how to thank you for sending the whiskey, but my, what will we do with 2 gallons. Why, one pint would be all we want and maybe we would not need that."[lvii]
Tent #8 at Camp Hamilton
[1] Camp Thomas was located at the Chickamauga Battlefield Memorial Park, in northern Georgia, just south of Chattanooga, Tennessee.
[2] The unofficial Red Light District.
[3] Some regimental canteens sold beer as an alternative to whiskey available in Lexington.
[4] The 1st Territorial was recruited from Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico and the Indian territories.
[i] Lexington Leader, May 1, 1898, page 1, columns 4-6.
[ii] Lexington Leader, May 1, 1898, page 1, columns 4-6.
[iii] Lexington Leader, May 1, 1898, page 1, columns 4-6.
[iv] Lexington Leader, May 4, 1898, page 8, columns 3-4.
[v] Lexington Leader, May 13, 1898, page 8, columns 1-4.
[vi] Lexington Leader, May 13, 1898, page 8, columns 1-4.
[vii] Lexington Leader, May 13, 1898, page 8, columns 1-4.
[viii] Lexington Leader, May 15, 1898, page 2, columns 1-4.
[ix] Lexington Leader, May 15, 1898, page 2, columns 1-4.
[x] Lexington Leader, May 22, 1898, page 7, columns 1-2.
[xi] Lexington Leader, June 10, 1898, page 7, columns 1-2.
[xii] Lexington Leader, June 10, 1898, page 7, columns 1-2.
[xiii] Lexington Leader, June 10, 1898, page 7, columns 1-2.
[xiv] Lexington Leader, August 11, 1898, page 1, column 6, August 14, 1898, page 8, column 2 and August 15, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xv] Lexington Leader, August 15, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xvi] Lexington Leader, August 15, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xvii] Lexington Leader, August 16, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xviii] Lexington Leader, August 16, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xix] Lexington Leader, August 16, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xx] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page 1, column 1 and page 5, column 5.
[xxi] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page 1, column 1 and page 5, column 5.
[xxii] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page 1, column 1 and page 5, column 5.
[xxiii] Lexington Herald, August 23, 1898, page 1, columns 5-6 and August 28, 1898, page 1, column 5.
[xxiv] Walker, Tom L., History of the Lexington Post Office from 1794 to 1901, page 42-44.
[xxv] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page I, column 2 and August 28, 1898, page 8, column 5.
[xxvi] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page 1, column 2 and August 31, 1898, page 2, columns 5 and Lexington Herald, September 2, 1898, page 4, column 3.
[xxvii] Lexington Leader, August 31, 1898, page 2, columns 5.
[xxviii] Lexington Leader, August 31, 1898, page 2, columns 5.
[xxix] Lexington Leader, September 1, 1898, page 5, column 3.
[xxx] Lexington Herald, September 7, 1898, page 1, columns 5-6.
[xxxi] Lexington Leader, August 16, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xxxii] Lexington Leader, August 16, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3 and August 23, 1898, page 1, column 4.
[xxxiii] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page 5, column 2.
[xxxiv] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page 1, column 5.
[xxxv] Lexington Leader, August 23, 1898, page 1, column 1 and page 5, column 5.
[xxxvi] Lexington Leader, August 2, 1898, page 1, columns 1-2 and August 27, 1898, page 1, column 4 and August 25, 1898, page 1, column 4 and page 5, column 3.
[xxxvii] Lexington Leader, August 26, 1898, page 1, column 3 and Lexington Herald, August 26, 1898, page 1, column 1.
[xxxviii] Lexington Leader, September 1, 1898, page 5, column 3, September 5, 1898, page 1, column 6 and September 6, 1898, page 1, columns 5-6.
[xxxix] Lexington Leader, September 15, 1898, page 1, columns 5-6 and September 18, 1898, page 1, columns 2-3 and Lexington Herald, September 16, 1898, page 1, columns 5-6.
[xl] Lexington Leader, September 17, 1898, page 1, column 4.
[xli] Lexington Leader, September 19, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xlii] Lexington Leader, September 19, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xliii] Lexington Herald, September 8, 1898, page 1, columns 5-6.
[xliv] Lexington Herald, page 5, columns 2-3.
[xlv] Bowers, George B., History of the 160th Indiana Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War, Archer Printing Company, Fort Wayne, 1912, pages 26-32, and Lexington Herald, October 10, 1898, page 1, columns 5-6 and October 11, 1898, page 1, columns 1-3.
[xlvi] New York Times, October 29, 1898 and Lexington Herald, October 16, 1898, page 1, column 5.
[xlvii] Bowers, George B., History of the 160th Indiana Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War, Archer Printing Company, Fort Wayne, 1912, pages 26-32 and Lexington Herald, October 21, 1898, page 5, columns 2-4.
[xlviii] Lexington Herald, October 19, 1898, page 5, columns 2-4.
[xlix] Colley, Stoughton, The Public, Volume 1, page 270.
[l] Bowers, George B., History of the 160th Indiana Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War, Archer Printing Company, Fort Wayne, 1912, pages 26-32.
[li] Bowers, George B., History of the 160th Indiana Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War, Archer Printing Company, Fort Wayne, 1912, pages 26-32.
[lii] Bowers, George B., History of the 160th Indiana Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War, Archer Printing Company, Fort Wayne, 1912, pages 26-32.
[liii] Lexington Herald, October 25, 1898, page 5, columns 2-4, October 26, 1898, page 5, columns 2-4, November 12, 1898, page 2, column 1, November 13, 1898, page 2, column 4 and November 3, 1898, page 5, columns 2-4 and New York Times, November 13, 1898.
[liv] Lexington Herald, November 15, 1898, page 2, columns 2-3.
[lv] Lexington Herald, January 11, 1899, page 5, column 3 and March 3, 1899, page 1, column 7.
[lvi] Lexington Leader, September 5, 1898, page 1, column 6.
[lvii] Graf, Mercedes, Band of Angels: Sister Nurses in the Spanish-American War, Part 1, Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3.
